Critical Realism Approach to ERP Implementation in Zimbabwe’s Mining Sector: A Literature Review

Abstract

This study employed a critical realism perspective to examine the implementationofEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems within the Zimbabwe's mining sector. Bydelvingbeyond empirical observations to uncover underlying generative mechanisms, the studyprovidesanuanced understanding of success and challenges in this context. Key critical realismconcepts,such as the distinction between real, actual and empirical domains, stratification, emergenceandstructuration, were pivotal in the analysis. The study revealed a complex interplayof ERPimplementation dynamics, where significant challenges, such as resource constraints, foreigncurrency shortages, skill gaps, organizational resistance to change and data quality issuesoftenovershadow successes in data integration and operational visibility. Crucial generative mechanismsidentified include financial viability, human agency, such as leadership and skilledpersonnel,organizational culture and the state of national infrastructure. Notably, Zimbabwe'suniquesocioeconomic and political landscapes emerged as a powerful contextual mechanism, profoundlyshaping all aspects of ERP projects. The study underscores that successful ERPsystemimplementation in such challenging environments is not merely a technical endeavour but adeeplyembedded and context-dependent process, necessitating a comprehensive understandingof theintricate interplay between deep-seated structures and human agency. While drawingvaluableinsights from existing literature, this review acknowledges limitations concerning dataavailabilityand depth, advocating for future empirical and longitudinal studies to further validate andrefinetheunderstanding of ERP implementation in similar developing contexts